Contamination prevalence and drug resistance spectrum of MRSA from classrooms in Guangzhou primary schools / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the distribution and drug resistance situation of staphylococcus aureus (SA) and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from the classroom environments in primary schools of Guangzhou.@*Methods@#The air and the surfaces of door handles, desks, chairs, light switches and floor were sampled in the classrooms of 8 primary schools selected through stratified clustering method in Guangzhou from May to June, 2016. SA and MRSA were isolated and identified, and drug sensitivity tests were conducted.@*Results@#A total of 760 samples were collected, the detection rate of SA and MRSA were 8.8% and 4.2%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the detection rate of staphylococcus aureus among different sampling sites(P<0.01).Detection of SA and MRSA on the floor,light’s witches and surface of deskes was both above 6.0%. The multiple drug resistance rate of MRSA was up to 100.0%, and the main resistance mode was Penicillin-Erythromycin-Rifampin-Tetracycline-Teicolanin.@*Conclusion@#MRSA can be detected in air, door handles, desk surface, chair surface, light switch and floor of primary schools. Relevant administration departments should pay attention to the environments health of Guangzhou primary schools.

Cuidado tridimensional (eu, tu, nosso ambiente) na educação básica: para um reencantamento do mundo / Three-dimensional care (me, you, our environment) in basic education: towards a re-enchantment of the world

Trata-se de um estudo de natureza qualitativa, com abordagem participativa, do tipo pesquisaação sobre a relação entre ambiente e saúde na visão de estudantes do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública do entorno de uma comunidade pesqueira, sob a ótica do cuidado tridimensional. Há uma comunidade pesqueira no município de São Gonçalo-RJ, que tem sido potencialmente afetada pelo incremento da degradação ambiental das últimas décadas. Os estudantes que nascem e crescem no local, desenvolvem-se em um contexto sócio-históricocultural peculiar atrelado ao declínio e desvalorização da pesca artesanal das últimas décadas e à degradação ambiental. O enfermeiro, ao inserir-se no contexto escolar como educador em saúde, deve estar apto a compreender a influência do ambiente sobre as condições de saúde. Pensando na educação ambiental crítica pautada em conceitos de Paulo Freire e na tríade cuidado de si, cuidado do outro e cuidado ambiental fundamentada em Leonardo Boff, entendese a importância da articulação homem/ambiente/saúde para despertar nos envolvidos a noção de pertencimento e apreender que qualquer alteração no ambiente repercute na saúde da população. A pesquisa traz como objetivo geral desenvolver práticas educativas em saúde com estudantes do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública localizada no entorno de uma comunidade pesqueira, a partir de suas concepções sobre ambiente e saúde, fundamentadas na teoria do cuidado tridimensional. Os objetivos específicos foram caracterizar o entorno do cenário pretendido quanto às condições socioambientais e de riscos à saúde; analisar a relação entre ambiente e saúde na visão de estudantes do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública do entorno de uma comunidade pesqueira; discutir o cuidado tridimensional como base fundamental para a educação ambiental crítica. Participaram do estudo 24 estudantes pertencentes inicialmente ao 6º ano do ensino fundamental. A pesquisa foi delineada conforme as cinco etapas da abordagem temática freireana. Como técnica de produção de dados foram utilizados: entrevista semiestruturada, desenho, observação e círculo de cultura por meio de oficinas. Para análise e interpretação dos dados optou-se pela Análise de Conteúdo do tipo temática proposta por Bardin (2010), implementada com o auxílio do software Atlas ti. A partir da análise das entrevistas duas categorias foram formadas: Ambiente e ação humana: homem como agente transformador; Ambiente que gera vida e Ambiente que gera doença. A discussão do cuidado tridimensional permitiu a imersão no cuidado como essência humana, tendo em vista a educação ambiental crítica que direciona o indivíduo para não apenas "um fazer" ambiental, mas "um ser" socioambiental a partir da práxis do cuidado. As fases da Abordagem Temática Freireana direcionaram a execução das práticas educativas em saúde de forma positiva, podendo ser reproduzida em outros cenários de inserção de enfermeiros no PSE. As questões ambientais não se esgotam na preservação e conservação da natureza, compreender as modificações na concepção de saúde e as questões socioambientais a ela relacionadas suscitam um outro perfil do profissional enfermeiro e do educador comprometido não apenas com o cuidado humano, mas com a transformação da relação homem/ambiente, por meio de práticas educativas em saúde que alcancem o cuidado a nível planetário.

This is a qualitative study with a participatory approach, action research type on the relationship between environment and health in the view of elementary school students from a public school around a fishing community, from the perspective of three-dimensional care. There is a fishing community in the municipality of São Gonçalo-RJ, which has been potentially affected by the increase in environmental degradation of the last decades. Students born and raised in the area develop in a peculiar socio-historical-cultural context linked to the decline and devaluation of artisanal fishing in recent decades and environmental degradation. The nurse, when entering the school context as a health educator, must be able to understand the influence of the environment on health conditions. Thinking about the critical environmental education based on Paulo Freire's concepts and the triad self-care, caring for the other and environmental care based on Leonardo Boff, we understand the importance of the man / environment / health articulation to awaken in us the notion of belonging and understand that any change in the environment impacts on the health of the population. The research aims to develop health education practices with elementary school students from a public school located around a fishing community, based on their conceptions of environment and health, based on the theory of three-dimensional care. The specific objectives were to characterize the surroundings of the intended scenario regarding socioenvironmental conditions and health risks; to analyze the relationship between environment and health in the view of elementary students of a public school around a fishing community; discuss three-dimensional care as a fundamental basis for critical environmental education. Twenty-four students from the 6th grade of elementary school participated in the study. The research was designed according to the five steps of the Freire's thematic approach. As data production technique were used: semi-structured interview, drawing, observation and culture circle through workshops. For data analysis and interpretation, we chose the thematic content analysis proposed by Bardin (2010), implemented with the aidof Atlas ti software. From the analysis of the interviews two categories were formed: Environment and human action: man as a transforming agent; Environment that generates life and Environment that generates disease. The discussion of three-dimensional care allowed immersion in care as a human essence, in view of the critical environmental education that directs the individual to not only environmental "doing", but "socioenvironmental" being from the praxis of care. The phases of the Freirean Thematic Approach directed the implementation of health education practices in a positive way and can be reproduced in other scenarios of insertion of nurses in the PSE. Environmental issues are not limited to the preservation and conservation of nature, understanding the changes in the conception of health and related social and environmental issues raise another profile of the professional nurse and educator committed not only to human care, but to the transformation of health. relationship between man and environment, through health educational practices that reach care at the planetary level.

Occupational hazards, DNA damage, and oxidative stress on exposure to waste anesthetic gases / Riscos ocupacionais, danos no material genético e estresse oxidativo frente à exposição aos resíduos de gases anestésicos

Abstract Background and objectives The waste anesthetic gases (WAGs) present in the ambient air of operating rooms (OR), are associated with various occupational hazards. This paper intends to discuss occupational exposure to WAGs and its impact on exposed professionals, with emphasis on genetic damage and oxidative stress. Content Despite the emergence of safer inhaled anesthetics, occupational exposure to WAGs remains a current concern. Factors related to anesthetic techniques and anesthesia workstations, in addition to the absence of a scavenging system in the OR, contribute to anesthetic pollution. In order to minimize the health risks of exposed professionals, several countries have recommended legislation with maximum exposure limits. However, developing countries still require measurement of WAGs and regulation for occupational exposure to WAGs. WAGs are capable of inducing damage to the genetic material, such as DNA damage assessed using the comet assay and increased frequency of micronucleus in professionals with long-term exposure. Oxidative stress is also associated with WAGs exposure, as it induces lipid peroxidation, oxidative damage in DNA, and impairment of the antioxidant defense system in exposed professionals. Conclusions The occupational hazards related to WAGs including genotoxicity, mutagenicity and oxidative stress, stand as a public health issue and must be acknowledged by exposed personnel and responsible authorities, especially in developing countries. Thus, it is urgent to stablish maximum safe limits of concentration of WAGs in ORs and educational practices and protocols for exposed professionals.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos Os Resíduos de Gases Anestésicos (RGA) presentes no ar ambiente das Salas de Operação (SO) são associados a riscos ocupacionais diversos. O presente artigo propõe-se a discorrer sobre exposição ocupacional aos RGA e seu impacto em profissionais expostos, com ênfase em danos genéticos e estresse oxidativo. Conteúdo Apesar do surgimento de anestésicos inalatórios mais seguros, a exposição ocupacional aos RGA ainda é preocupação atual. Fatores relacionados às técnicas anestésicas e estação de anestesia, além da ausência de sistema de exaustão de gases em SO, contribuem para poluição anestésica. Para minimizar os riscos à saúde em profissionais expostos, recomendam-se limites máximos de exposição. Entretanto, em países em desenvolvimento, ainda carece a mensuração de RGA e de regulamentação frente à exposição ocupacional aos RGA. Os RGA são capazes de induzir danos no material genético, como danos no DNA avaliados pelo teste do cometa e aumento na frequência de micronúcleos em profissionais com exposição prolongada. O estresse oxidativo também é associado à exposição aos RGA por induzir lipoperoxidação, danos oxidativos no DNA e comprometimento do sistema antioxidante em profissionais expostos. Conclusões Por tratar-se de questão de saúde pública, é imprescindível reconhecer os riscos ocupacionais relacionados aos RGA, inclusive genotoxicidade, mutagenicidade e estresse oxidativo. Urge a necessidade de mensuração dos RGA para conhecimento desses valores nas SO, especialmente em países em desenvolvimento, de normatização das concentrações máximas seguras de RGA nas SO, além de se adotarem práticas de educação com conscientização dos profissionais expostos.

Evaluation of alkali and thermotolerant lipase from an indigenous isolated Bacillus strain for detergent formulation

Background: Lipases are used in detergent industries to minimise the use of phosphate-based chemicals in detergent formulations. The use of lipase in household laundry reduces environmental pollution and enhances the ability of detergent to remove tough oil or grease stains. Results: A lipase-producing indigenous Bacillus subtilis strain [accession no. KT985358] was isolated from the foothills of Trikuta mountain in Jammu and Kashmir, India. The lipase (BSK-L) produced by this strain expressed alkali and thermotolerance. Lipase has an optimal activity at pH 8.0 and temperature 37°C, whereas it is stable at pH 6.0­9.0 and showed active lipolytic activity at temperatures 30 to 60°C. Furthermore, lipase activity was found to be stimulated in the presence of the metal ions Mn2+, K+, Zn2+, Fe2+ and Ca2+. This lipase was resistant to surfactants, oxidising agents and commercial detergents, suggesting it as a potential candidate for detergent formulation. BSK-L displayed noticeable capability to remove oil stains when used in different washing solutions containing buffer, lipase and commercial detergent. The maximum olive oil removal percentage obtained was 68% when the optimum detergent concentration (Fena) was 0.3%. The oil removal percentage from olive oil-soiled cotton fabric increased with 40 U/mL of lipase. Conclusions: This BSK-L enzyme has the potential for removing oil stains by developing a pre-soaked solution for detergent formulation and was compatible with surfactants, oxidising agents and commercial detergents.

Social Governance Solutions for Environmental Protection of Chinese Pharmaceutical Companies from US Experience / 医药导报

To explore the problems in environmental governance of pharmaceutical industry in China,based on the conclusion that the US has done,then propose ways for environmental management to be applied to the pharmacutical industry in China,including strengthening the ecological property research;to transite the government regulation to common control by the government and the market;to speed up the disclosure of environmental information about pharmaceutical enterprise;to try contractual governance within the pharmaceutical industry;to explore sustainable development mechanism of the Evironmental Non-governmental Orgnization(ENGO);to advocate that popularizing of environmental protection knowledge scientific,to support the dissemination of science socialized.

Environmental Pollution by Quinolines Antibiotics from Human and Animal Excreta / 环境与健康杂志

Quinolines antibiotics present stable chemical properties ,higher excretion of prototype drug. Most of quinolines antibiotics used by human and animals show original and various biological activity forms in the excrement,which is important to ecological environment and human health. The data indicate that the present clinical treatment is facing frequent occurrence and higher rates of quinolines antibiotics-resistance, which is related to environmental pollution by quinolines antibiotics. So far as little research is focused on the management of the excrement from human and animals using quinolines antibiotics, and the control, management of the residues of excrement are very important for reducing the risk of antibiotic-resistance in human.

Effect of the solutions in changing technology on reducting waste gases pollution in the Ha Bac Company for introgenous fertilizers and chemicals

A study of intervention solutions for the exhaust from 4 thermo-electrical kilns, from synthetic process of in NH3 and dust due to NPK fertilizer production was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of technological improvement solutions in reducing environment pollution. Results: concentration of dust and toxic fumes was reduced, concentration of the exhaust components eliminated to environment through the chimneys of gases-made kilns reduced significantly after changing technology. NH3, CH4, H2 from producing NH3 decreased clearly, dust from producing NPK reduced 1.63-1.92 times

Waste Plastics Incineration and Environmental Pollution Caused by Persistent Organic Pollutants / 环境与健康杂志

Waste plastics in the environment is called"gray pollution"as a result of difficult degradation and when dis-posed by incineration,secondary pollutants are released.In this paper the formation mechanism and path of some persistent or-ganic pollutants in the process of waste plastic incineration disposal and their potential hazards to the ecological system,even to human beings are briefly reviewed,and valuable references and suggestions are given.Some of effective measures which should be taken to inhibit the formation of these toxic organic compounds during waste disposal and reduce their negative effect on mankind.

Application of Contingent Valuation Method to Estimate Health Economic Loss Caused by Environmental Pollution / 环境与健康杂志

Environmental pollution could affect human health.The valuation on economic health loss due to environmental pollution could assist environment management to set more efficient environment policy.Contingent valuation method(CVM)is the worldwide used method to value loss caused by environmental pollution.CVM is a state preference non-market valuation method,which can flexibly assess the full economic value of public goods.CVM has been rarely used in environmental health loss valuation in China.Economic theory,application technique of CVM and it's potential bias was reviewed and discussed in this paper.Compared with the other methods,it could be concluded that CVM is a promising tool to value health loss by environment pollution in China.

The Study of Radon Level in Greenbelt Soil in Chengdu City / 环境与健康杂志

Objective The goal of this study is to know the level of radon in greenbelt soil in Chengdu city. Methods 152 monitoring sites were selected in the riverside, roadside, park, campus and residential area in Chengdu city. Concentration of radon in the soil was determined with KJD-2000R radon detector. Results Although the level of radon in the central area was higher than those in the peripheral area the level of radon in the riverside was higher than that in the parks, the mean level of radon investigated in this study (14 047 Bq/m3) was lower than the national mean level(7 300 Bq/m3). Conclusion It can be considered that the level of radon in the greenbelt soil in Chengdu city is in the normal range.

TOXIC AND TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE ON CHICK EMBRYOS / 解剖学报

The toxic and teratogenic effect of AlCl_3 on leghorn chick embryos were studied. Different concentrations of AlCl_3 dissolved in redistilled water were injected into the air sac of the eggs (0.2 ml per egg) on the third day of incubation. It was identified that the maximal permissible dosage was 1.708 ?mol/egg, the minimal lethal dosage was 2.25 ?mol/egg, the absolute lethal dose was 35.34 ?mol/egg, and LD_(50) was 8.09 ?mol/egg. The mortality of the embryos raised with the increase of the dose of AlCl_3. AlCl_3 also retarded the development of chick embryos and showed apparent tetratogenic effects.